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gil d, zayas c, acevedo r, gonzales d, lopez j, taboada � and solis rl novel adjuvant based on a proteoliposomederived cochleate structure containing native polysaccharide as a pathogenassociated molecular pattern immunol cell biol aerosols as drug carriers n renee labiris, andrew p bosco and myrna b dolovich introduction as the end organ for the treatment of local diseases or as the route of administration for systemic therapies, the lung simvastatin bedtime is a very attractive target for drug delivery table the lung provides direct simvastatin bedtime access to the site of disease for the treatment of respiratory illness, simvastatin bedtime without the inefficiencies and unwanted effects of systemic drug delivery in addition, it provides an enormous surface area and a relatively low enzymatic environment for simvastatin bedtime the absorption of drugs to treat systemic diseases table inhaled medications have been available for many years for the treatment of lung diseases inhalational delivery simvastatin bedtime has been widely accepted as being the optimal route of administration of first line therapy for asthmatic and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases drug formulation plays an important role in producing an effective inhalable medication in addition to being simvastatin bedtime pharmacologically active, it is important that a drug be efficiently delivered into the lungs, to the appropriate site of action and remain in the lungs until the desired pharmacological effect occurs a drug designed to treat a systemic disease, such as insulin for diabetes, must be deposited in the lung simvastatin bedtime periphery to ensure maximum systemic bioavailability for gene therapy, anti cancer or anti infective treatment, cellular uptake and prolonged residence in the lungs of the drug may be required to obtain the optimal therapeutic effect thus, a formulation that is retained in the lungs for the desired length of time and avoids the clearance mechanisms of the lung may be necessary the human lung contains airways and approximately million alveoli with a surface area of m, equivalent to that of a tennis court as a major port of table advantages of pulmonary delivery of drugs to treat respiratory and systemic disease treatment of respiratory diseasestreatment of systemic diseases deliver high drug concentrations directly to the disease site minimizes risk of systemic side effects rapid clinical response bypass the barriers to therapeutic efficacy, such as poor gastrointestinal absorption and firstpass metabolism in the liver achieve a similar or superior therapeutic effect at a fraction of the systemic dose for example, oral salbutamol mg is therapeutically equivalent to xg by mdi a noninvasive needlefree delivery system suitable for a wide range of substances from small molecules to very large proteins enormous absorptive surface area m and a highly permeable membrane to fim thickness in the alveolar region large molecules with very low absorption rates can be absorbed in significant quantities the slow mucociliary clearance in the simvastatin bedtime lung periphery results in prolonged residency in the lung a less harsh, low enzymatic environment avoids firstpass metabolism reproducible absorption kinetics pulmonary delivery is independent of dietary complications, extracellular enzymes and interpatient metabolic differences that affect gastrointestinal absorption simvastatin bedtime entry, the lung has evolved to prevent the invasion of unwanted airborne simvastatin bedtime particles from entering into the body airway geometry, humidity, mucociliary clearance and alveolar macrophages play a vital role in maintaining the sterility of the lung, and consequently, they can be barriers to the therapeutic effectiveness of inhaled medications the size of the drug particle can play an important role in avoiding the physiological barriers of the lung and targeting to the appropriate lung simvastatin bedtime region fig nanoparticles are solid colloidal particles ranging in size from to simvastatin bedtime nm studies have demonstrated that they are taken up by macrophages, cancer cells, and epithelial cells their small size ensures the particles containing the active pharmacological ingredient will reach the alveolar regions however, the use of an aerosol simvastatin bedtime delivery system that generates nanosized particles for inhalation, places these particles at simvastatin bedtime risk of being exhaled, leaving very few drug particles to be deposited in the periphery of the lung residence time is not long enough for simvastatin bedtime the particles to be deposited by sedimentation or diffusion aerosols as drug carriers diffusionseemntationinertia!